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Table 1 Correlates of HIV among high-risk women in Pretoria, South Africa

From: Seek, test, treat: substance-using women in the HIV treatment cascade in South Africa

Variable

HIV status

Bivariate logistic regression

Multivariable logistic regression

Negative

Positive

Sociodemographic characteristic

(n = 287)

(n = 354)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Age in years, mean (SD)

29.0 (8.5)

31.5 (7.0)

1.04 (1.02, 1.07)***

1.03 (1.01, 1.05)**

% education ≥10th grade

70.4

56.5

0.55 (0.39, 0.76)***

0.69 (0.48, 0.98)*

% unemployed

82.7

87.7

1.49 (0.93, 2.38)

 

% married or living as married

46.7

52.5

1.26 (0.93, 1.73)

 

% ever had a family member with HIV/AIDS

59.1

64.9

1.28 (0.93, 1.76)

 

% ever incarcerated (lifetime)

29.7

39.5

1.55 (1.11, 2.15)**

1.10 (0.76, 1.59)

% ever in substance abuse treatment (lifetime)

7.0

5.6

0.80 (0.42, 1.52)

 

Urine drug screen and breathalyzer results

% marijuana (THC) positive

31.4

31.4

1.0 (0.71, 1.40)

 

% opiate positive

19.2

16.9

0.86 (0.57, 1.29)

 

% cocaine positive

15.7

13.3

0.82 (0.53, 1.28)

 

% opiate or cocaine positive

21.3

20.3

0.95 (0.64, 1.39)

 

% alcohol (breathalyzer) positive

12.9

15.3

1.22 (0.77, 1.91)

 

Mean breathalyzer score for women with a positive alcohol test (SD)

0.08 (0.11)

0.08 (0.11)

1.69 (0.03, 82.96)

 

Self-report alcohol and drug use past 30 days

% alcohol

84.7

88.7

1.42 (0.90, 2.25)

 

% marijuana

28.6

30.5

1.01 (0.78, 1.55)

 

% cocaine (rock)

13.2

10.5

0.76 (0.47, 1.24)

 

% heroin and marijuana mixed (Nyaope)

18.8

15.3

0.78 (0.51, 1.17)

 

Self-report Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Tests (AUDIT) score ≥20

26.5

34.2

1.44 (1.02, 2.03)*

1.43 (0.99, 2.07)

Sex risk behaviors

% used a condom at last sex

28.5

43.3

1.92 (1.37, 2.68)***

1.45 (0.97, 2.16)

# times unprotected sex past 30 days, mean (SD)

8.6 (12.9)

8.9 (14.2)

1.00 (0.99, 1.01)

 

Sex work past 6 months

26.8

45.2

2.25 (1.61, 3.14)***

1.47 (0.98, 2.22)

Victimization

% physically assaulted past year

9.1

13.3

1.54 (0.93, 2.55)

 

% sexually assaulted past year

5.2

7.3

1.44 (0.75, 2.77)

 

SF-36 mental health and vitality scales

Mental health scale score, mean (SD)a

65.1 (19.2)

64.3 (19)

1.00 (0.99, 1.01)

 

Vitality scale score, mean (SD)a

34.2 (18.3)

35.7 (17.2)

1.00 (1.00, 1.01)

 

Contextual factors

% recruited from inner cityb

24.4

40.4

2.1 (1.49, 2.96)***

1.90 (1.30, 2.78)**

Century month recruitedc, mean (SD)

150.7 (8.5)

150.3 (8.7)

0.99 (0.98, 1.01)

 

% living in informal settlementd

30.3

38.4

1.43 (1.03, 2.00)*

1.49 (1.04, 2.14)*

  1. * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001
  2. aSF-36 Mental Health and Vitality scales
  3. Transformed scale = [(Actual raw score − lowest possible raw score)/(possible raw score range)] × 100
  4. bThe reference group is recruited from outside the inner city
  5. cCentury month (CM). January 2001 = 1. The project recruited from May 2012 (CM = 136) to September 2014 (CM = 164). South Africa was in the midst of scaling up HIV testing and treatment during this period
  6. dThe reference group is not living in an informal settlement
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Addiction Science & Clinical Practice

ISSN: 1940-0640