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Table 4 Associations with HIV and HCV positivity among PWID and PWSC in Oakland, 2011–2013 (N = 2072)

From: Associations of criminal justice and substance use treatment involvement with HIV/HCV testing and the HIV treatment cascade among people who use drugs in Oakland, California

 

HIV-positive

HCV-positive

PR (95% CI)

p value

aPR (95% CI)

p value

PR (95% CI)

p value

aPR (95% CI)

p value

Age (per 10 years)

1.11 (0.99–1.03)

0.208

  

1.65 (1.52–1.80)

<0.001

1.47 (1.35–1.59)

<0.001

Sexual risk group

        

 Men who have sex with women

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Men who have sex with men

12.93 (7.20–23.20)

<0.001

12.49 (6.95–22.44)

<0.001

1.57 (1.15–2.14)

0.002

1.74 (1.32–2.31)

<0.001

 Female non-sex workers

2.08 (1.16–3.72)

0.014

1.71 (0.98–2.99)

0.058

0.84 (0.68–1.04)

0.107

1.06 (0.89–1.25)

0.513

 Female sex worker

0.58 (0.20–1.66)

0.310

0.56 (0.19–1.60)

0.277

0.86 (0.68–1.08)

0.197

1.21 (0.98–1.48)

0.069

 Transgender

40.07 (22.07–72.76)

<0.001

38.32 (20.10–73.03)

<0.001

0.99 (0.20–4.96)

0.997

1.70 (1.12–2.57)

0.010

Racial/ethnic group

        

 African American

1.00 (ref)

   

1.00 (ref)

 

1.00 (ref)

 

 Caucasian

0.83 (0.26–2.60)

0.748

  

2.06 (1.67–2.54)

<0.001

1.41 (1.16–1.72)

<0.001

 Latino

NC

   

1.88 (1.46–2.42)

<0.001

1.25 (0.99–1.59)

0.060

 Mixed race/other

0.57 (0.14–2.29)

0.429

  

1.22 (0.88–1.70)

0.232

1.00 (0.73–1.37)

0.997

High school education

1.01 (0.62–1.65)

0.810

  

0.94 (0.80–1.10)

0.452

  

Steady partnership

1.20 (0.75–1.91)

0.448

  

0.81 (0.69–0.96)

0.012

  

Have children

0.72 (0.42–1.22)

0.217

  

1.01 (0.83–1.24)

0.896

  

Ever injected drugs

1.19 (0.74–1.90)

0.470

  

8.98 (6.63–12.16)

<0.001

7.06 (5.17–9.64)

<0.001

Homeless

1.10 (0.69–1.76)

0.686

  

1.21 (1.03–1.42)

0.017

1.30 (1.14–1.48)

<0.001

Trouble meeting needs

1.71 (0.94–3.12)

0.077

1.61 (0.91–2.85)

0.101

1.27 (1.05–1.54)

0.012

  

Income ≥ $900

0.69 (0.37–1.27)

0.230

  

1.16 (0.98–1.38)

0.088

  

Incarcerated

0.87 (0.38–1.99)

0.746

  

2.45 (1.37–4.39)

0.002

  

Community supervision

1.34 (0.62–2.90)

0.464

  

1.41 (1.05–1.88)

0.022

  

Substance use treatment

1.06 (0.64–1.74)

0.826

  

1.91 (1.53–2.39)

<0.001

1.20 (0.99–1.45)

0.060

  1. NC: model did not converge for this category
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Addiction Science & Clinical Practice

ISSN: 1940-0640