Table 7 Instruments, instrument-related procedures, and measures

Independent Tape Rater Scale [26]

X^a

Time to proficiency (preparation outcome)

A continuous staff measure representing the number of days between completion of the workshop training by BI staff and their demonstration of proficiency [26, 30] in the motivational interviewing-based brief intervention (MIBI)

Independent Tape Rater Scale [26]

X^b

Implementation effectiveness [31] (implementation outcome)

A continuous staff measure representing the sum of the standardized cumulative number of MIBIs delivered by BI staff (i.e., consistency) and the cumulative integrity score of their delivery of the MIBI (i.e., quality)

Staff survey

X^c

X^c

X^c

Level of sustainment (sustainment outcome)

A continuous staff measure (no specified range) that represents the number of MIBIs a BI staff self-reports having delivered during the past 6 months

Staff survey

X^c

X^c

X^c

Motivational Interviewing Experience (moderator variable)

A staff measure indicating a BI staff’s perception of their motivational interviewing experience (0 = none, 1 = beginner, 2 = intermediate, 3 = advanced, 4 = expert)

Staff survey

X^c

X^c

X^c

Readiness for implementing change (moderator variable)

A continuous organization measure (ranges from 1 to 5) that represents the organizational average of 6 items, each rated on a 5-point scale (1 = disagree, 2 = somewhat disagree, 3 = neither agree nor disagree, 4 = somewhat agree, 5 = agree) and adapted from Shea et al.’ readiness measure [106]

Staff survey

X^c

X^c

X^c

Implementation climate (moderator variable)

A continuous organization measure (ranges from 1 to 5) that represents the organizational average of 6 items, each rated on a 5-point scale (1 = disagree, 2 = somewhat disagree, 3 = neither agree nor disagree, 4 = somewhat agree, 5 = agree) and adapted from Jacobs et al.’ implementation measure [107]

Staff survey

X^c

X^c

X^c

Leadership engagement (moderator variable)

A continuous organization measure (ranges from 0 to 6) that represents the organizational average of 4 items, each rated on a 7-point scale (0 = not at all to 6 = highest extent possible) and developed for this study based on the leadership engagement construct described by Damschroder et al.—commitment, involvement, and accountability of leaders with the implementation [108]

Staff

Survey

X^c

X^c

X^c

Tension for change (moderator variable)

A continuous organization measure (ranges from 0 to 6) that represents the organizational average of 3 items, each rated on a 7-point scale (0 = not at all to 6 = highest extent possible) and developed for this study based on the tension for change construct described by Damscroder et al.—stakeholders’ shared perception of the extent to which a change is important, needed, and desired [108]