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Supply measures
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Percent of physicians certified to prescribe buprenorphine
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Number of physicians on SAMHSA list of buprenorphine or naltrexone prescribers/# Medicaid-participating physicians in county
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Percent of primary care practices delivering MAT
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Number of physicians with any prescribing of buprenorphine or naltrexone/# Medicaid-participating physicians in county measured in claims data
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Prevalence measures
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OUD diagnoses
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OUD ICD-9/ICD-10 code on inpatient, outpatient or professional claims
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Overdose events
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Inpatient stays or ED visits with an opioid overdose ICD-9/ICD-10 code
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OUD diagnoses among those with evidence of misuse of prescription opioids
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Rate of OUD diagnosis among those with opioid misuse using an algorithm from Sullivan et al. [46] that uses # prescribers, # pharmacies, and # days short- and long-acting opioids
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Utilization measures
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Use of MAT
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Any prescription fill for buprenorphine or IM naltrexone among those with OUD
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Use of psychosocial supports
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Any visit with a service code for psychosocial support for OUD
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Access to counseling for OUD
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Any visit with a service code for counseling regarding psychosocial and pharmacologic treatment options among those with OUD
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Duration of MAT
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Number of months with proportion of days covered > 80%
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Access to tele-psychiatry
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Any visit with a service code for a tele-psychiatry visit
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Outcome measures
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Likelihood of any and SUD or mental health-related emergency department visit
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SUD or mental health ICD-9/ICD-10 code as primary diagnosis for an emergency department visit
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Likelihood of any and SUD or mental health-related inpatient hospitalization
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SUD or mental health ICD-9/ICD-10 code as primary diagnosis for an inpatient hospitalization
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