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Table 3 Study components and outcomes

From: Implementation facilitation to introduce and support emergency department-initiated buprenorphine for opioid use disorder in high need, low resource settings: protocol for multi-site implementation-feasibility study

Study component

Outcomes

Population

Component 1—Formative evaluation and IF

Implementation outcomes

Stakeholder acceptability over time (interviews, focus groups)

Stakeholder readiness/preparedness over time (ORCA, change rulers)

Community and ED key informants

Component 2—Evaluation of clinical protocol

Primary clinical outcome

Received ED-initiated BUP (proportion) (EMR abstraction)

ED patients determined to be eligible for and willing to receive ED-initiated BUP

Secondary outcomes—Process measures and additional proportions of interest

Opioid screen completed

ED patients (adult)

Opioid Screen positive

Screen completed

ED-initiated BUP eligibility assessment completed

Opioid Screen positive

ED-initiated BUP eligible

Opioid Screen positive

ED-initiated BUP eligible and willing

ED-initiated BUP eligible

Received a facilitated referral for treatment

ED-initiated BUP received

Received a facilitated referral for treatment

Eligible and willing for ED-initiated BUP, but not received

Component 3—Patient-participant outcomes

Main secondary outcome

Engaged in formal addiction treatment 30 days after the index ED visit (proportion) (patient self-report with clinic confirmation)

Enrolled patient-participants who received ED-initiated BUP (secondarily, BUP non-receivers)

Secondary outcomes—Patient treatment

Value and change from baseline for the following:

Substance use (self-report via TLFB, UDS)

Overdose events (self-report)

Healthcare utilization (self-report Heath Services Utilization Form)

Quality of life (EQ5D)

Treatment satisfaction and acceptability (self-report)

Initial contact with medication provider (9-day)

Enrolled patient-participants who received ED-initiated BUP (secondarily, BUP non-receivers)