Table 1 Details from included studies examining receipt of MOUD

Deck 2004

Cross-sectional

1992–2000

Oregon and Washington, US; publicly funded SUD tx programs

Medicaid-eligible adults presenting for opioid use tx (first tx episode)

Oregon: 7804; Washington: 9292

Amph use in past 30 days at intake (self-report)

Placement in methadone tx vs. other modality (regular outpatient, residential, or residential detox)

Logistic

regression

Demographics, social factors, other substance use, mental health, prior tx, referral source, distance from clinic

Oregon: aOR  =  0.53,

p  <  0.01

Negative

Ns not presented for first episode only; 12% (Ore.), 11% (Wash.) of all tx episodes

Washington: aOR  =  0.52,

p  <  0.01

Fairbairn 2012

Cross-sectional

2009

Bangkok, Thailand; community survey

PWID with past 6-month injection drug use who use opioids

273

Meth use in past 6 months (self-report)

Reporting methadone receipt at least once in past 6 months

Logistic

regression

Demographics, other substance use

aOR  =  0.49 (95% CI 0.29–0.85),

p  =  0.010

Negative

n  =  137

Gjersing 2013

Cross-sectional

2002–2011

Oslo, Norway; SSP

SSP participants with past 4-week injection drug use who use heroin

1760

“Daily/almost daily” amph use in past 4 weeks (self-report)

Reporting current receipt of methadone or bup

Logistic

regression

None

OR  =  0.7 (95% CI 0.6–1.0),

p  ≤  0.05

Negative

n  =  567

Jones 2020

Cross-sectional

2017

US; federally funded SUD tx (TEDS data)

Admissions for patients age 12  +  with heroin as primary substance

533,394

Meth use listed as secondary or tertiary substance at admission

Any MOUD (bup, methadone, and/or naltrex) is part of tx plan at admission

Logistic

regression (amph is dependent variable)

Demographics, social factors, referral source, injection, age of first heroin use

aOR  =  0.65 (95% CI 0.50–0.84)

Negative

n  =  65,922

Michel 2017

Longitudinal

2014–2015

Haiphong, Vietnam; community survey

Adult PWID who use heroin not currently receiving methadone

194

Meth use at baseline survey (UDS or self-report)

NOT reporting having started methadone at week 52 f/u

Logistic

regression

Frequency of drug injection

aOR  =  3.34 (95% CI 1.92–5.79)

Negative

n  =  76

Rhee 2019

Cross-sectional

2006–2015

US; outpatient physician visits (NAMCS data)

Visits for adult patients with OUD (weighted)

2,055,381

Amph UD (dx codes, abuse/dependence)

Bup rx at visit

X² test

None

0.1% of bup vs. 1.4% of no bup visits had amph UD;

p  =  0.010

Negative

n  =  10,277

Shiner 2017

Longitudinal

2003–2013

US; national VA

Adult VA patients with OUD and new PTSD treatment episode

19,998

Amph UD (dx codes, abuse/dependence)

Any MOUD received in year after index visit (rx for bup/naltrex, clinic visit for methadone)

Logistic

regression

Demographics, social factors, military experiences, physical/mental health, other SUDs, utilization

aOR  =  0.77 (95% CI 0.68, 0.88)

Negative

n  =  1524

Daniulaityte 2020

Cross-sectional

2017–2018

Dayton, Ohio, US; community survey

Adults with OUD and past-6 month use of non-rx buprenorphine

356

Meth use in past 6 months (self-report) n  =  198

Reporting lifetime receipt of injectable naltrex, bup, or methadone (examined separately)

Logistic

regression (meth is dependent variable)

Demographics, social factors, mental health, other substance use, receipt of other 2 MOUD types

Naltrex aOR  =  2.89 (95% CI 1.45–5.75),

p  =  0.003

Positive (naltrex only)

Bup aOR  =  0.85 (95% CI 0.49–1.48),

p  =  0.57

Methadone aOR  =  0.63 (95% CI 0.37–1.11)

p  =  0.11

Morgan 2018

Longitudinal

2010–2014

US; national insurance claims data

Commercially insured individuals with OUD

340,017

Amph UD during study period (dx codes, abuse/dependence)

Filled rx for bup or naltrex (oral or injectable) during study period

Logistic

regression

Demographics, health plan type, other SUDs

aOR  =  1.183 (95% CI 1.127–1.241),

p  <  0.001

Positive

n  =  13,508

Hall 2016

Longitudinal

2007–2015

Kentucky, US; child welfare-based SUD program

Adults using opioids in child abuse/neglect cases with ≥  1 child age  ≤  5 years old in their household

596

“Current” amph/meth use (self-report; examined separately)

≥  1 month of any MOUD (bup, methadone, or naltrex) while involved in program

X² test

None

9.1% of  ≥  1 month MOUD vs. 8.3% of  <  1 month had amph use;

p  =  0.84

Non-significant

Amph n  =  50

9.1% of  ≥  1 month vs. 6.8% of  <  1 month had meth use;

p  =  0.53

Meth n  =  42

Pettes 2010

Longitudinal

2005–2008

Vancouver, Canada; community survey

Adult HIV-positive PWID with heroin use

353

“Frequent” meth use in past 6 months (self-report; repeated measure)

Reporting current enrollment in methadone tx (repeated measure)

GEE model with logit link

None

OR  =  0.60 (95% CI 0.29–1.24),

p  =  0.166

Non-significant

n  =  12 at baseline

Manhapra 2020

Cross-sectional

2011–2012

US; national VA

VA patients with OUD with no bup or methadone in first 60 days of FY 2012

94,145

Amph UD during FY 2012 (dx codes, abuse/dependence)

Receipt of bup (filled rx) or methadone (clinic visit) during FY 2012 (examined separately)

Calculated RRs (ref group: no bup or methadone)

None

Bup RR  =  1.23

Methadone RR  =  1.09

No statistical test reported

n  =  4887

Thirion 2001

Cross-sectional

1995–1997

France; national survey of SUD tx centers

Patients with opioid use in SUD tx centers

1506

Amph use in past week (self-report)

Reporting receipt of bup or methadone compared to reporting heroin use with no bup or methadone

Compared % with amph use across groups

None

1% in bup group, 1% in methadone group, 6% in heroin use with no bup ormethadone group had amph use

No statistical test reported

n  =  47