Table 3 Details from included studies examining opioid abstinence during MOUD
Author/year | Study design | Time period | Setting | Population | Adjunctive servicesa | Total N | Meth/amph measure | MOUD measure | Analysis | Covariatesb | Associationc | Direction (abstinence) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liu 2018 | Cross-sectional | Not reported | Taiwan; methadone tx programs in hospitals (various locations) | Adult patients receiving methadone for ≥ 3 months | – | 344 | Amph use (UDS) | Opioid use (UDS) | X2 test | None | 20% in opioid group had amph use vs. 9% in no opioid group; p = 0.005 | Negative |
n = 51 | ||||||||||||
Hoang 2018 | Longitudinal | 2008–2013 | Vietnam; methadone tx programs (national random sample) | Adult patients initiating methadone | – | 500 | Meth use prior to initiation (self-report) | Heroin use over 24-month f/u period (self-report and/or UDS) | Logistic regression | Family support, years used heroin, HIV status, antiretroviral therapy receipt | aOR: 2.68 (95% CI 1.08–6.65), p = 0.034 | Negative |
n = 12 | ||||||||||||
Kunøe 2010 | Longitudinal (RCT data) | 2005–2007 | Norway; inpatient SUD tx programs and prisons (various locations) | Adults with OUD receiving sustained-release naltrex implants in RCT | – | 60 | Frequency of amph use during 6-month study period and final month (self-report; none, 1–3 times/month, 1–3 times/week, daily/almost daily) | Opioid use during tx (self-report) | Rank-test procedure (Spearman’s R) | Demographics | Opioid use group had more frequent amph use in 6-month period (R = 0.29; p = 0.028) and the final study month (R = 0.35; p = 0.008) | Negative |
(n not reported) | ||||||||||||
Proctor 2016 | Longitudinal | 2009–2011 | US; inpatient SUD tx programs operated by large healthcare provider (various locations) | Adult patients receiving methadone with stay of ≥ 15 days | – | 2410 | Amph use at initiation, 3, 6, and 9 months (UDS) | Opioid use at 3, 6, 9, and 12-months (UDS) | Logistic regression | Demographics, dose | 6-month amph use/9-month opioid use: aOR = 5.77 (95% CI 1.26–26.40), p = 0.024; p > 0.05 for all other time point combinations | Negative |
n = 219 at initiation (not reported for f/u timepoints) | ||||||||||||
Potter 2013 | Longitudinal (RCT data) | 2006–2009 | US; federally-licensed OUD tx programs (various locations) | Adults with OUD initiating bup or methadone in RCT | – | 705 | Amph UD assessed at initiation (dx criteria) | Opioid abstinence (no use in 30 days before end of tx; self-report) | X2 test | None | 6.6% in opioid group had amph use vs. 8.0% in no opioid group; p > 0.05 | Non-significant |
n = 52 | ||||||||||||
Senbanjo 2009 | Cross-sectional | 2003–2003 | East Kent, England; methadone tx programs | Adults receiving methadone for ≥ 1 month | – | 191 | Amph use in past 14 days (self-report) | Heroin use in past 14 days (self-report) | X2 test; calculated unadjusted OR | None | X2 p = 0.399; OR = 2.07 (95% CI 0.37–11.6) | Non-significant |
n = 6 | ||||||||||||
Smyth 2018 | Longitudinal | 2000–2016 | Dublin, Ireland; youth OUD tx program | Adolescent patients (< 18.5 years) initiating methadone or bup | Tx involved counseling, family therapy (in some cases) | 39 | Amph use in past month at initiation (self-report) | Heroin abstinence during 12th month of tx (UDS) | Fisher’s exact test; calculated unadjusted OR | None | Fisher’s exact p = 0.60; OR = 0.3 (95% CI 0.03–3.1) | Non-significant |
n = 4 | ||||||||||||
Abraham-sson 2016 | Longitudinal | 2011 | Lund, Sweden; outpatient “interim” bup tx program | Adult patients with OUD initiating bup (on wait list for “full-scale” tx) | – | 44 | Days of amph use in past 30 days at initiation (self-report) | Opioid abstinence during entire study period (UDS) | Independent samples t test | None | Mean 0.6 days in opioid group; 1.2 days in no opioid group; t test p > 0.1 | Non-significant |
n = 13 reported any amph use |