Covariates | All states—linear probability model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Main effects | p value | Interactions of state × rural | ||||
Odds ratio | 95% CI | Odds ratio | 95% CI | p value | ||
Constant | 0.318*** | 0.136–0.745 | 0.008 | |||
Rural | 2.143 | 0.732–6.275 | 0.164 | |||
AZ | 3.143 | 0.618–15.983 | 0.168 | 0.078* | 0.005–1.216 | 0.069 |
AR | 1.692 | 0.484–5.920 | 0.410 | 0.422 | 0.092–1.932 | 0.266 |
CA | 2.143 | 0.732–6.275 | 0.164 | 0.214* | 0.043–1.071 | 0.061 |
CO | 1.310 | 0.341–5.033 | 0.695 | 0.635 | 0.127–3.180 | 0.580 |
FL | 2.176 | 0.768–6.166 | 0.144 | 0.187** | 0.039–0.909 | 0.038 |
GA | 0.937 | 0.342–2.570 | 0.900 | 1.206 | 0.336–4.327 | 0.774 |
IL | 0.912 | 0.295–2.822 | 0.874 | 1.116 | 0.275–4.536 | 0.878 |
IN | 0.924 | 0.306–2.791 | 0.889 | 1.234 | 0.302–5.035 | 0.769 |
KS | 0.370 | 0.068–2.013 | 0.250 | 2.914 | 0.450–18.860 | 0.262 |
KY | 2.095 | 0.707–6.212 | 0.182 | 0.326 | 0.085–1.256 | 0.103 |
LA | 1.640 | 0.546–4.928 | 0.378 | 0.471 | 0.106–2.095 | 0.323 |
ME | 4.714 | 0.650–34.194 | 0.125 | 0.069** | 0.005–0.921 | 0.043 |
MA | 1.796 | 0.403–8.004 | 0.443 | 0.408 | 0.022–7.445 | 0.545 |
MI | 1.964 | 0.615–6.273 | 0.254 | 0.345 | 0.081–1.463 | 0.149 |
MN | 0.898 | 0.259–3.115 | 0.865 | 1.027 | 0.228–4.620 | 0.973 |
MS | 0.967 | 0.237–3.950 | 0.963 | 0.851 | 0.166–4.362 | 0.846 |
MO | 1.310 | 0.425–4.038 | 0.639 | 0.637 | 0.160–2.534 | 0.522 |
NV | 3.143 | 0.371–26.632 | 0.294 | 0.207 | 0.017–2.596 | 0.222 |
NH | 6.286 | 0.492–80.274 | 0.157 | 0.039* | 0.001–1.138 | 0.059 |
NM | 1.257 | 0.198–7.976 | 0.808 | 0.618 | 0.074–5.150 | 0.656 |
NY | 3.492** | 1.207–10.107 | 0.021 | 0.018*** | 0.002–0.193 | 0.001 |
NC | 1.676 | 0.590–4.766 | 0.333 | 0.437 | 0.113–1.700 | 0.233 |
OH | 2.050 | 0.702–5.981 | 0.189 | 0.307* | 0.076–1.236 | 0.097 |
OK | 0.629 | 0.140–2.827 | 0.545 | 1.491 | 0.266–8.342 | 0.650 |
OR | 0.943 | 0.201–4.423 | 0.941 | 1.000 | 0.153–6.531 | 1.000 |
PA | 2.143 | 0.732–6.275 | 0.164 | 0.249* | 0.056–1.112 | 0.069 |
SC | 2.305 | 0.728–7.300 | 0.156 | 0.159** | 0.028–0.889 | 0.036 |
TN | 1.300 | 0.440–3.847 | 0.635 | 0.649 | 0.162–2.601 | 0.542 |
TX | 0.647 | 0.232–1.807 | 0.406 | 1.653 | 0.470–5.810 | 0.433 |
UT | 1.347 | 0.272–6.658 | 0.715 | 0.635 | 0.089–4.523 | 0.650 |
VT | 1.571 | 0.123–20.069 | 0.728 | 0.533 | 0.029–9.724 | 0.671 |
VA | 0.725 | 0.262–2.010 | 0.537 | 2.758 | 0.728–10.441 | 0.135 |
WA | 1.934 | 0.568–6.581 | 0.291 | 0.292 | 0.052–1.646 | 0.163 |
WV | 0.982 | 0.263–3.663 | 0.979 | 1.045 | 0.207–5.291 | 0.957 |
WI | 1.664 | 0.515–5.379 | 0.395 | 0.427 | 0.097–1.872 | 0.259 |
Observations | 2595 | 2595 | ||||
R-squared | 0.004 | 0.041 | ||||
Joint Chi-squared test of equality all rural × state coefficients | 82.88 | 0.000 | ||||
Joint Chi-squared test of equality of rural × state coefficients for 10 states with the highest per capita fatal opioid overdose rate (KY, MA, ME, MO, NH, NM, OH, PA, TN, and WV) | 10.36 | 0.322 |