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Table 1 Model estimates for being a buprehorphine undersupply county in 38 states, 2018

From: Rural and urban differences in undersupply of buprenorphine provider availability in the United States, 2018

Covariates

All states—linear probability model

Main effects

p value

Interactions of state × rural

Odds ratio

95% CI

Odds ratio

95% CI

p value

Constant

0.318***

0.136–0.745

0.008

   

Rural

2.143

0.732–6.275

0.164

   

AZ

3.143

0.618–15.983

0.168

0.078*

0.005–1.216

0.069

AR

1.692

0.484–5.920

0.410

0.422

0.092–1.932

0.266

CA

2.143

0.732–6.275

0.164

0.214*

0.043–1.071

0.061

CO

1.310

0.341–5.033

0.695

0.635

0.127–3.180

0.580

FL

2.176

0.768–6.166

0.144

0.187**

0.039–0.909

0.038

GA

0.937

0.342–2.570

0.900

1.206

0.336–4.327

0.774

IL

0.912

0.295–2.822

0.874

1.116

0.275–4.536

0.878

IN

0.924

0.306–2.791

0.889

1.234

0.302–5.035

0.769

KS

0.370

0.068–2.013

0.250

2.914

0.450–18.860

0.262

KY

2.095

0.707–6.212

0.182

0.326

0.085–1.256

0.103

LA

1.640

0.546–4.928

0.378

0.471

0.106–2.095

0.323

ME

4.714

0.650–34.194

0.125

0.069**

0.005–0.921

0.043

MA

1.796

0.403–8.004

0.443

0.408

0.022–7.445

0.545

MI

1.964

0.615–6.273

0.254

0.345

0.081–1.463

0.149

MN

0.898

0.259–3.115

0.865

1.027

0.228–4.620

0.973

MS

0.967

0.237–3.950

0.963

0.851

0.166–4.362

0.846

MO

1.310

0.425–4.038

0.639

0.637

0.160–2.534

0.522

NV

3.143

0.371–26.632

0.294

0.207

0.017–2.596

0.222

NH

6.286

0.492–80.274

0.157

0.039*

0.001–1.138

0.059

NM

1.257

0.198–7.976

0.808

0.618

0.074–5.150

0.656

NY

3.492**

1.207–10.107

0.021

0.018***

0.002–0.193

0.001

NC

1.676

0.590–4.766

0.333

0.437

0.113–1.700

0.233

OH

2.050

0.702–5.981

0.189

0.307*

0.076–1.236

0.097

OK

0.629

0.140–2.827

0.545

1.491

0.266–8.342

0.650

OR

0.943

0.201–4.423

0.941

1.000

0.153–6.531

1.000

PA

2.143

0.732–6.275

0.164

0.249*

0.056–1.112

0.069

SC

2.305

0.728–7.300

0.156

0.159**

0.028–0.889

0.036

TN

1.300

0.440–3.847

0.635

0.649

0.162–2.601

0.542

TX

0.647

0.232–1.807

0.406

1.653

0.470–5.810

0.433

UT

1.347

0.272–6.658

0.715

0.635

0.089–4.523

0.650

VT

1.571

0.123–20.069

0.728

0.533

0.029–9.724

0.671

VA

0.725

0.262–2.010

0.537

2.758

0.728–10.441

0.135

WA

1.934

0.568–6.581

0.291

0.292

0.052–1.646

0.163

WV

0.982

0.263–3.663

0.979

1.045

0.207–5.291

0.957

WI

1.664

0.515–5.379

0.395

0.427

0.097–1.872

0.259

Observations

2595

  

2595

  

R-squared

0.004

  

0.041

  

Joint Chi-squared test of equality all rural × state coefficients

   

82.88

 

0.000

Joint Chi-squared test of equality of rural × state coefficients for 10 states with the highest per capita fatal opioid overdose rate (KY, MA, ME, MO, NH, NM, OH, PA, TN, and WV)

   

10.36

 

0.322

  1. All models use Robust Standard Errors
  2. AL is the reference state
  3. ***p  < 0.01, **p  < 0.05, *p  < 0.1