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Table 3 Summary of FRAME codes for twelve documented CLARO adaptations

From: Collaboration Leading to Addiction Treatment and Recovery from Other Stresses (CLARO): process of adapting collaborative care for co-occurring opioid use and mental disorders

FRAME code

Code value

Number of adaptations

Percentage of adaptations

When

   
 

Pre-implementation

10

83%

 

Implementation

2

17%

Planned?

   
 

Planned/Proactive

10

83%

 

Planned/Reactive

2

17%

Who decideda

   
 

CLARO team

12

100%

 

Clinic administrators

9

75%

 

Treatment developer/trainer

3

25%

 

Funder

1

8%

What modifieda

   
 

Context

9

75%

 

Content

4

33%

 

Training/Evaluation

6

50%

 

Implementation

1

8%

Level of delivery

   
 

Target population

6

50%

 

System/Community

4

33%

 

Cohort

2

17%

Context modificationsa

   
 

Population

6

50%

 

Personnel

3

25%

 

Setting

1

8%

 

n/a

3

25%

Content modifications

   
 

Adding elements/modules

3

25%

 

Integrating another treatment

1

8%

 

n/a

8

67%

Fidelity consistent?

   
 

Yes

12

100%

Collaborative care componentsa

   
 

Patient identification and diagnosis

3

25%

 

Engage in integrated care program

2

17%

 

Provide evidence-based treatment

5

42%

 

Use of population-based registry

5

42%

 

Team communication/coordination

2

17

 

Psychiatric case review

1

8

 

Program oversight/improvement

4

33

Goals of modificationa

   
 

Increase engagement

3

25

 

Increase retention

2

17

 

Improve feasibility

3

25

 

Improve outcomes

6

50

 

Reduce cost

1

8

 

Increase satisfaction

2

17

 

Response to COVID-19

2

17

Sociopolitical factorsb

   
 

Funding/resource availability

1

8

Organization/Setting factorsb

   
 

Available resources

5

42

 

Location/accessibility

1

8

 

Social context

2

17

Provider factorsb

   
 

Previous training/skills

4

33

Recipient factorsb

   
 

Access to resources

2

17

 

Comorbidity

6

50

 

Crisis/emergency

2

17

 

Motivation/readiness

1

8

  1. Codes are based on the Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications–Enhanced (FRAME) and the associated Coding Manual [2, 52]. CLARO: :Collaboration Leading to Addiction Treatment and Recovery from Other Stresses
  2. aMore than one code value can apply to the same adaptation, so the percentages of adaptations for this code sum to greater than 100%
  3. bEach adaptation is assigned values from across these four rationale codes, so the percentages of adaptations do not necessarily sum to 100%