Table 4 Estimated marginal means, within-group effect sizes and proportional reductions at all time points by group^*

Reductions in drinks

Assessment interview

Guidance

40.9 (24.4)

30.1 (26.8)

20.4 (21.3)

17.9 (19.1)

21.0 (22.8)

0.42 [0.08, 0.76]

0.89 [0.54, 1.24]

1.05 [0.69, 1.41]

0.84 [0.49, 1.19]

26.4 [10.9, 41.9]

50.1 [37.4, 62.7]

56.3 [44.2, 68.5]

48.7 [34.3, 63.1]

No guidance

41.2 (26.0)

29.8 (23.0)

23.5 (27.0)

18.7 (22.2)

20.1 (26.4)

0.46 [0.12, 0.80]

0.66 [0.32, 1.01]

0.92 [0.57, 1.28]

0.80 [0.45, 1.15]

27.7 [14.5, 40.9]

43.0 [26.9, 59.1]

54.6 [40.6, 68.7]

51.1 [35.0, 67.2]

No assessment interview

Guidance

39.2 (18.7)

30.06 (19.8)

17.8 (15.1)

14.6 (15.2)

16.6 (18.3)

0.47 [0.12, 0.82]

1.25 [0.88, 1.63]

1.43 [1.05, 1.82]

1.21 [0.84, 1.59]

23.2 [11.0, 35.4]

54.7 [44.9, 64.5]

62.7 [52.6, 72.8]

57.7 [45.6, 69.7]

No guidance

45.5 (29.0)

31.16 (24.2)

21.8 (22.1)

15.4 (17.3)

21.6 (22.0)

0.53 [0.20, 0.87]

0.92 [0.57, 1.27]

1.26 [0.89, 1.62]

0.93 [0.57, 1.28]

31.5 [19.1, 44.0]

52.1 [39.7, 64.5]

66.2 [56.1, 76.3]

52.6 [39.1, 66.1]

Reductions in HDD

Assessment interview

Guidance

4.4 (2.1)

3.3 (2.4)

2.2 (2.4)

2.0 (2.3)

1.9 (2.5)

0.49 [0.15, 0.84]

0.99 [0.63, 1.34]

1.12 [0.76, 1.48]

1.10 [0.74, 1.46]

24.9 [12.2, 37.6]

50.4 [36.8, 64.0]

55.7 [42.2, 69.2]

56.4 [41.7, 71.2]

No guidance

4.3 (2.2)

3.2 (2.4)

2.2 (2.4)

1.8 (2.3)

2.1 (2.6)

0.46 [0.12, 0.80]

0.89 [0.54, 1.24]

1.10 [0.74, 1.46]

0.92 [0.56, 1.27]

24.7 [11.5, 37.9]

48.3 [33.9, 62.7]

58.3 [44.3, 72.3]

51.4 [35.6, 67.3]

No assessment interview

Guidance

4.6 (2.2)

3.8 (2.3)

2.2 (2.2)

1.5 (1.8)

1.8 (2.1)

0.37 [0.02, 0.71]

1.09 [0.72, 1.46]

1.57 [1.18, 1.96]

1.31 [0.93, 1.69]

18.1 [6.0, 30.3]

52.7 [40.4, 65.1]

68.3 [58.3, 78.3]

61.2 [48.8, 73.6]

No guidance

4.7 (2.1)

3.5 (2.6)

2.3 (2.4)

1.9 (2.3)

2.4 (2.5)

0.49 [0.15, 0.83]

1.06 [0.70, 1.42]

1.24 [0.88, 1.61]

0.97 [0.62, 1.33]

24.6 [11.7, 37.5]

51.6 [38.1, 65.2]

58.9 [45.7, 72.2]

48.6 [33.0, 64.3]

AUDIT

Assessment interview

Guidance

23.00 (5.55)

–

–

16.70 (8.04)

15.08 (9.40)

–

–

0.91 [0.55, 1.26]

1.02 [0.66, 1.38]

–

–

27.4 [18.5, 36.2]

34.5 [23.6, 45.3]

No guidance

23.15 (5.61)

–

–

16.21 (7.39)

13.28 (7.87)

–

–

1.05 [0.69, 1.41]

1.44 [1.06, 1.81]

–

–

30.0 [20.8, 39.1]

42.6 [33.5, 51.8]

No assessment interview

Guidance

22.77 (5.72)

–

–

15.60 (7.34)

14.02 (7.50)

–

–

1.08 [0.72, 1.45]

1.30 [0.93, 1.68]

–

–

31.5 [22.8, 40.2]

38.4 [29.6, 47.3]

No guidance

23.16 (6.29)

–

–

15.59 (7.80)

14.39 (8.10)

–

–

1.06 [0.71, 1.42]

1.20 [0.84, 1.57]

–

–

32.7 [23.4, 42.0]

37.9 [26.4, 49.3]

PACS

Assessment interview

Guidance

17.43 (5.59)

–

–

12.45 (6.25)

11.87 (7.44)

–

–

0.83 [0.48, 1.19]

0.84 [0.49, 1.19]

–

–

28.6 [19.3, 37.8]

31.9 [20.6, 43.1]

No guidance

18.04 (6.02)

–

–

12.91 (6.63)

10.74 (6.75)

–

–

0.81 [0.46, 1.15]

1.14 [0.77, 1.50]

–

–

28.4 [18.5, 38.4]

40.5 [30.7, 50.3]

No assessment interview

Guidance

17.46 (5.99)

–

–

11.59 (6.61)

10.29 (6.11)

–

–

0.93 [0.56, 1.29]

1.18 [0.81, 1.55]

–

–

33.6 [23.9, 43.4]

41.1 [31.0, 51.1]

No guidance

18.33 (5.33)

–

–

12.76 (6.75)

12.64 (6.94)

–

–

0.91 [0.56, 1.26]

0.91 [0.56, 1.27]

–

–

30.4 [20.5, 40.2]

31.1 [19.6, 42.5]

BSCQ

Assessment interview

Guidance

305.78 (146.75)

–

–

474.28 (177.31)

459.26 (195.69)

–

–

1.03 [0.67, 1.39]

0.88 [0.53, 1.23]

–

–

34.1 [25.0, 43.2]

31.1 [20.2, 41.9]

No guidance

339.85 (161.78)

–

–

480.16 (181.81)

489.38 (186.59)

–

–

0.81 [0.46, 1.16]

0.85 [0.50, 1.20]

–

–

30.5 [19.3, 41.7]

32.5 [21.8, 43.2]

No assessment interview

Guidance

312.89 (143.22)

–

–

529.65 (164.54)

512.06 (175.51)

–

–

1.40 [1.01, 1.78]

1.24 [0.86, 1.61]

–

–

44.5 [35.8, 53.2]

40.9 [30.2, 51.6]

No guidance

327.19 (138.34)

–

–

505.93 (175.00)

538.94 (179.40)

–

–

1.13 [0.77, 1.49]

1.31 [0.95, 1.68]

–

–

37.8 [27.9, 47.7]

44.8 [33.8, 55.8]

SDS

Assessment interview

Guidance

15.16 (7.94)

–

–

8.46 (7.91)

5.83 (7.23)

–

–

0.84 [0.49, 1.19]

1.22 [0.86, 1.59]

–

–

44.2 [30.9, 57.6]

61.5 [47.4, 75.6]

No guidance

15.49 (8.07)

–

–

7.04 (7.77)

6.06 (7.69)

–

–

1.06 [0.70, 1.42]

1.19 [0.82, 1.55]

–

–

54.6 [40.1, 69.0]

60.9 [47.5, 74.3]

No assessment interview

Guidance

14.54 (7.91)

–

–

6.86 (8.31)

4.52 (6.49)

–

–

0.94 [0.58, 1.30]

1.38 [0.99, 1.76]

–

–

52.8 [38.4, 67.2]

68.9 [55.3, 82.5]

No guidance

16.94 (7.53)

–

–

6.41 (7.93)

7.80 (8.20)

–

–

1.36 [0.99, 1.73]

1.16 [0.79, 1.52]

–

–

62.2 [49.4, 75.0]

54.0 [37.8, 70.1]

PHQ-9

Assessment interview

Guidance

10.31 (5.46)

–

6.09 (4.48)

5.65 (4.87)

5.88 (5.12)

–

0.84 [0.49, 1.19]

0.89 [0.54, 1.25]

0.83 [0.48, 1.18]

–

40.9 [29.7, 52.1]

45.2 [33.0, 57.3]

43.0 [29.4, 56.6]

No guidance

10.59 (6.12)

–

7.22 (5.86)

5.91 (4.86)

5.05 (4.01)

–

0.56 [0.22, 0.90]

0.84 [0.49, 1.19]

1.06 [0.70, 1.42]

–

31.8 [17.9, 45.7]

44.1 [31.0, 57.3]

52.3 [41.6, 62.9]

No assessment interview

Guidance

10.54 (6.23)

–

5.63 (4.56)

5.16 (4.37)

5.96 (5.41)

–

0.90 [0.53, 1.26]

0.99 [0.63, 1.36]

0.78 [0.42, 1.14]

–

46.6 [35.4, 57.8]

51.1 [40.0, 62.1]

43.4 [29.5, 57.4]

No guidance

11.55 (6.23)

–

6.45 (5.11)

6.71 (5.28)

6.50 (5.74)

–

0.89 [0.54, 1.24]

0.83 [0.49, 1.18]

0.84 [0.49, 1.19]

–

44.2 [32.8, 55.6]

41.9 [29.7, 54.1]

43.7 [29.2, 58.2]

GAD-7

Assessment interview

Guidance

8.37 (6.01)

–

–

4.78 (4.89)

4.85 (4.78)

–

–

0.65 [0.31, 1.00]

0.64 [0.30, 0.99]

–

–

42.9 [27.9, 57.8]

42.0 [26.5, 57.6]

No guidance

8.44 (5.78)

–

–

4.70 (3.90)

4.72 (4.03)

–

–

0.76 [0.41, 1.10]

0.74 [0.39, 1.09]

–

–

44.4 [30.3, 58.4]

44.1 [30.8, 57.4]

No assessment interview

Guidance

8.45 (5.88)

–

–

4.61 (4.29)

4.79 (5.53)

–

–

0.74 [0.39, 1.10]

0.64 [0.28, 0.99]

–

–

45.5 [32.2, 58.7]

43.2 [26.1, 60.4]

No guidance

8.93 (6.12)

–

–

5.89 (4.67)

5.28 (4.15)

–

–

0.55 [0.21, 0.89]

0.69 [0.35, 1.04]

–

–

34.0 [19.1, 48.8]

40.8 [25.3, 56.4]