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Table 3 Substance use patterns among participants in the Rural Opioid Initiative by study site

From: The Rural Opioid Initiative Consortium description: providing evidence to Understand the Fourth Wave of the Opioid Crisis

 

Total

Sites

IL

KY

NC

NE

OH

OR

WI

WV

N

3048

173

338

350

589

258

174

991

175

Preferred drug for getting high

Opioidsa

1655 (54%)

81 (47%)

206 (61%)

171 (49%)

452 (77%)

183 (71%)

78 (45%)

378 (38%)

106 (61%)

 Heroin^

1146 (38%)

34 (20%)

103 (30%)

106 (30%)

351 (60%)

124 (48%)

69 (40%)

307 (31%)

52 (30%)

 Street fentanyl/carfentanil^

67 (2%)

2 (1%)

1 (< 1%)

11 (3%)

23 (4%)

21 (8%)

0

4 (< 1%)

5 (3%)

 Prescription opioids^

293 (10%)

31 (18%)

63 (19%)

44 (13%)

44 (7%)

29 (11%)

8 (5%)

36 (4%)

38 (22%)

 Buprenorphine^

85 (3%)

5 (3%)

36 (11%)

4 (1%)

25 (4%)

8 (3%)

1 (1%)

0

6 (3%)

 Methadone^

45 (1%)

9 (5%)

3 (1%)

6 (2%)

7 (1%)

1 (< 1%)

0

15 (2%)

4 (2%)

Methamphetamine

1070 (35%)

74 (43%)

108 (32%)

158 (45%)

23 (4%)

61 (24%)

91 (52%)

515 (52%)

40 (23%)

Cocaine/crack

188 (6%)

12 (7%)

7 (2%)

14 (4%)

95 (16%)

8 (3%)

1 (1%)

26 (3%)

25 (14%)

Benzodiazepines

39 (1%)

4 (2%)

6 (2%)

5 (1%)

4 (1%)

1 (< 1%)

1 (1%)

18 (2%)

0

Other

81 (3%)

2 (1%)

11 (3%)

2 (1%)

15 (3%)

5 (2%)

3 (2%)

39 (4%)

4 (2%)

Unknown/refused/missing

15 (< 1%)

0

0

0

0

0

0

15 (2%)

0

Drug useb

Opioidsa

2608 (86%)

144 (83%)

299 (88%)

298 (85%)

587 (99%)

241 (93%)

133 (76%)

759 (77%)

147 (84%)

 Heroin^

2102 (69%)

82 (47%)

230 (68%)

230 (66%)

531 (90%)

203 (79%)

105 (60%)

605 (61%)

116 (66%)

 Street fentanyl/carfentanil^

1122 (37%)

44 (25%)

95 (28%)

160 (46%)

370 (63%)

156 (60%)

19 (11%)

191 (19%)

87 (50%)

 Opiate painkillers^

1744 (57%)

118 (68%)

211 (62%)

224 (64%)

339 (58%)

132 (51%)

67 (39%)

541 (55%)

112 (64%)

 Buprenorphine^

1234 (40%)

84 (49%)

197 (58%)

142 (41%)

304 (52%)

116 (45%)

18 (10%)

274 (28%)

99 (57%)

 Methadone^

666 (22%)

32 (19%)

51 (15%)

60 (17%)

171 (29%)

37 (14%)

27 (16%)

253 (26%)

35 (20%)

Methamphetamine

2267 (74%)

139 (80%)

265 (78%)

325 (93%)

203 (34%)

205 (79%)

168 (97%)

872 (88%)

90 (51%)

Cocaine/crack

1328 (44%)

79 (46%)

74 (22%)

82 (23%)

451 (77%)

106 (41%)

14 (8%)

432 (44%)

90 (51%)

Benzodiazepines

1433 (47%)

106 (61%)

147 (43%)

177 (51%)

300 (51%)

124 (48%)

47 (27%)

436 (44%)

97 (55%)

Other

1077 (35%)

51 (29%)

165 (49%)

77 (22%)

270 (46%)

129 (50%)

26 (15%)

277 (28%)

82 (47%)

Multiple classes of drugs usedc

2560 (84%)

147 (85%)

294 (87%)

299 (85%)

517 (88%)

230 (89%)

137 (79%)

805 (81%)

131 (75%)

Number of classes of drugs used, median (IQR)

3 (2–4)

3 (2–4)

3 (2–4)

3 (2–4)

3 (2–4)

3 (2–4)

2 (2–3)

3 (2–4)

3 (1–4)

Ever injected drugsd

2812 (92%)

143 (83%)

290 (86%)

330 (94%)

499 (85%)

226 (88%)

161 (93%)

991 (100%)

172 (98%)

Recent IDUb,e

2587 (85%)

127 (73%)

245 (72%)

299 (85%)

431 (73%)

206 (80%)

153 (88%)

989 (> 99%)

137 (78%)

Frequency of IDUe

Daily

1726 (67%)

73 (57%)

180 (73%)

222 (74%)

264 (61%)

170 (83%)

101 (66%)

629 (64%)

87 (64%)

Weekly but less than daily

483 (19%)

37 (29%)

39 (16%)

37 (12%)

84 (19%)

15 (7%)

30 (20%)

219 (22%)

22 (16%)

Less than weekly

349 (13%)

17 (13%)

26 (11%)

40 (13%)

82 (19%)

21 (10%)

21 (14%)

114 (12%)

28 (20%)

Unknown/refused/missing

29 (1%)

0

0

0

1 (< 1%)

0

1 (1%)

27 (3%)

0

IDU by drugb,e

Opioidsa

1963 (76%)

79 (62%)

207 (84%)

212 (71%)

415 (96%)

183 (89%)

92 (60%)

645 (65%)

130 (95%)

 Heroin ^

1709 (66%)

61 (48%)

172 (70%)

178 (60%)

395 (92%)

169 (82%)

86 (56%)

540 (55%)

108 (79%)

 Street fentanyl/carfentanil^

854 (33%)

31 (24%)

70 (29%)

120 (40%)

267 (62%)

132 (64%)

14 (9%)

148 (15%)

72 (53%)

 Opiate painkillers^

845 (33%)

28 (22%)

98 (40%)

129 (43%)

116 (27%)

50 (24%)

21 (14%)

332 (34%)

71 (52%)

 Buprenorphine^

642 (25%)

34 (27%)

122 (50%)

73 (24%)

115 (27%)

56 (27%)

9 (6%)

166 (17%)

67 (49%)

 Methadone^

310 (12%)

13 (10%)

21 (9%)

24 (8%)

42 (10%)

16 (8%)

12 (8%)

156 (16%)

26 (19%)

Methamphetamine

1892 (73%)

110 (87%)

197 (80%)

268 (90%)

115 (27%)

169 (82%)

139 (91%)

815 (82%)

79 (58%)

Cocaine/crack

669 (26%)

32 (25%)

34 (14%)

35 (12%)

227 (53%)

47 (23%)

3 (2%)

231 (23%)

60 (44%)

Benzodiazepines

363 (14%)

18 (14%)

29 (12%)

38 (13%)

64 (15%)

24 (12%)

3 (2%)

153 (16%)

34 (25%)

Simultaneous injection of opioid & stimulant (i.e., speedball)f

1027 (40%)

41 (32%)

33 (13%)

160 (54%)

148 (34%)

114 (55%)

50 (33%)

408 (41%)

73 (53%)

Binge alcohol useb

1495 (49%)

79 (46%)

113 (33%)

154 (44%)

313 (53%)

102 (40%)

64 (37%)

584 (59%)

86 (49%)

Tobacco cigarettesb

2762 (91%)

159 (92%)

300 (89%)

300 (86%)

536 (91%)

240 (93%)

162 (93%)

909 (92%)

156 (89%)

  1. IDU injection drug use, IL Illinois, KY Kentucky, NC North Carolina, NE New England (MA, VT, NH), OH Ohio, OR Oregon, WI Wisconsin, WV West Virginia
  2. aHeroin, street fentanyl/carfentanil, prescription opioids not as prescribed, novel synthetics (i.e., U47700), buprenorphine, and/or methadone
  3. bReference period: past 30 days
  4. cUse of ≥ 2 drug categories by any route in past 30 days (opioids, methamphetamine, cocaine/crack, prescription anxiety drugs not as prescribed, gabapentin, clonidine, and/or other)
  5. dInjection drug use in past 30 days was an eligibility criterion at several sites, and a requirement for enrollment in WI
  6. eAmong participants who injected drugs in the past 30 days
  7. fSimultaneous injection of opioid & methamphetamine or opioid & cocaine (i.e., speedball, goofball, or screwball)
  8. ^ Subcategory of Opioids; percentages among all participants