Table 1 Background characteristics of U.S. adults with substance use disorders with and without histories of incarceration
|  | Substance use disorder with no history of incarceration (N = 8183) | Substance use disorder with history of incarceration (N = 2670) | Test of difference |
|---|---|---|---|
Mean/raw n (sd/weighted %) | Mean/raw n (sd/weighted %) | Cohen’s d/odds ratio (95% CI) | |
Background characteristics | |||
 Age | 41.29 (.24) | 42.64 (.31) | .07 |
 Sex-male | 4096 (54.31) | 1925 (75.64) | 2.61 (2.37, 2.88) |
Race | |||
 White | 5170 (74.96) | 1475 (68.78) | .74 (.66, .83) |
 Black | 1316 (8.29) | 639 (13.83) | |
Sexual orientation | |||
 Heterosexual | 7648 (95.32) | 2495 (94.46) | .84 (.66, 1.07) |
 Gay/bisexual | 455 (4.68) | 152 (5.54) | |
Years of education | 10.33 (.05) | 9.19 (.04) | − 0.28 |
Marital status | |||
 Married/Live-in partner | 3692 (55.86) | 960 (46.57) | .69 (.54, .88) |
 Divorced/Separated | 1522 (14.00) | 753 (23.96) | |
 Widowed | 250 (2.25) | 73 (1.97) | |
Never married | 2719 (27.89) | 884 (27.50) | |
Age first married | 24.32 (.10) | 24.38 (.19) | .01 |
# of children | 1.59 (.03) | 2.11 (.08) | .17 |
Birthplace | |||
 Foreign-born | 7453 (92.47) | 2522 (94.67) | .69 (.54, .88) |
 Native-born | 729 (7.53) | 146 (5.33) | |
Years living in the United States | 20.49 (.59) | 29.14 (1.10) | .16 |
Urbanicity | |||
 Urban | 6869 (79.67) | 2201 (77.19) | .86 (.72, 1.04) |
 Rural | 1314 (20.33) | 469 (22.81) | |
Region | |||
 Northeast | 1270 (20.10) | 259 (11.78) | .53 (.42, .67) |
 Midwest | 1978 (24.52) | 629 (23.88) | |
 South | 2689 (30.56) | 1043 (38.64) | |
 West | 2246 (24.82) | 739 (25.70) | |
Employed full/part-time | 5244 (65.05) | 1266 (44.37) | .67 (.60, .76) |
Ever served in the U.S. military | 816 (10.67) | 409 (15.84) | 1.58 (1.35, 1.84) |
Annual personal income | |||
 $0 | 298 (4.07) | 57 (2.05) | 2.17 (1.59, 2.98) |
 $1–$9999 | 1409 (16.64) | 662 (24.25) | |
 $10,000–29,999 | 2960 (32.96) | 1122 (39.52) | |
 $30,000–49,999 | 1700 (21.04) | 483 (18.13) | |
 $50,000–79,999 | 1101 (14.29) | 246 (10.70) | |
 $80,000–99,999 | 297 (4.01) | 39 (2.00) | |
 $100,000 or more | 418 (6.98) | 61 (3.34) | |
Health coverage | |||
 Medicare | 1077 (12.94) | 454 (16.24) | 1.30 (1.11, 1.54) |
 Medicaid | 1002 (9.40) | 561 (17.85) | 2.09 (1.79, 2.45) |
 VA/TRICARE/CHAMPUS | 433 (4.90) | 159 (5.96) | 1.23 (.98, 1.55) |
 Private insurance | 4860 (65.18) | 989 (40.24) | .36 (.32, .41) |
 Government/state insurance | 184 (2.31) | 91 (3.08) | 1.34 (.92, 1.97) |
Any health insurance | 6507 (81.86) | 1823 (69.02) | .49 (.43, .57) |
Social support score | 2.56 (.003) | 2.58 (.007) | .07 |
Any lifetime homelessness | 501 (5.40) | 607 (22.47) | 5.08 (4.34, 5.95) |