Table 1 Characteristics of individuals using methamphetamine with and without evidence of injection methamphetamine use

Sociodemographics

 Age

  18–39

49 (69)

35 (73)

14 (61)

Pr(T < t) = 0.77

  40–59

21 (30)

12 (25)

9 (39)

Pr(|T| > |t|) = 0.46

  ≥ 60

1 (1)

0 (0)

0 (0)

Pr(T > t) = 0.23

 Sex

0.37

  Male

56 (80)

39 (83)

17 (74)

 Men who have sex with men

14 (21)

10 (15)

4 (6)

0.98

 Race/ethnicity

0.75

  Non-Hispanic white

66 (94)

45 (96)

21 (91)

  Black

2 (3)

1 (2)

1 (4)

  Hispanic

2(3)

1 (2)

1 (4)

 Education

0.48

  Some high school

10 (17)

8 (20)

2 (12)

  High school graduate

23 (40)

18 (44)

5 (29)

  Some college

18 (31)

11 (27)

7 (41)

  College graduate

7 (12)

4 (10)

3 (18)

 Marital status

0.30

  Single

53 (75)

38 (79)

15 (65)

  Married

7 (10)

3 (6)

4 (17)

  Divorced/separated

11 (15)

7 (15)

4 (17)

 Homelessness

59 (83)

42 (88)

17 (73)

0.15

 Incarceration

52 (76)

39 (81)

14 (64)

0.11

Medical characteristics

 SUD history

  Opioid use disorder

67 (94)

45 (94)

22 (96)

0.75

  Stimulant use disorder

65 (92)

47 (98)

18 (78)

0.01

  Benzodiazepine use disorder

29 (41)

25 (52)

4 (17)

0.01

  Alcohol use disorder

30 (42)

22 (46)

8 (35)

0.38

  Hallucinogen use disorder

1 (1)

1 (2)

0 (0)

0.49

  Other

2 (3)

1 (2)

1 (4)

0.59

 History of overdose

59 (84)

44 (91)

16 (70)

0.02

 Infection history

  Endocarditis

10 (14)

9 (19)

1 (4)

0.10

  Osteomyelitis

8 (11)

6 (13)

2 (9)

0.64

  Septic arthritis

5 (7)

4 (8)

1 (4)

0.54

  Superficial abscess

48 (68)

36 (75)

12 (52)

0.05

  Paraspinal abscess

3 (4)

2 (4)

1 (4)

0.97

  Bacteremia

18 (25)

13 (27)

5 (22)

0.63

  Other

1 (1)

1 (2)

0 (0)

0.49

 History of HCV

57 (80)

45 (94)

12 (52)

< 0.01

 History of HIV

8 (11)

7 (15)

1 (4)

0.20

 History of psychosis

30 (43)

23 (49)

7 (30)

0.14

 History of depression

65 (92)

45 (94)

20 (87)

0.34

 History of suicidal ideation/attempt

41 (58)

27 (56)

14 (61)

0.71

Care access

 Primary care provider (PCP)

0.09

  PCP within our hospital system

31 (44)

17 (35)

15 (64)

  PCP outside our hospital system

34 (49)

26 (56)

7 (32)

  No PCP

5 (7)

4 (8)

1 (5)

 MUD treatment

  Pharmacologic

17 (24)

15 (32)

2 (9)

0.03

  Contingency management

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

–

 MOUD treatment

  Methadone

36 (51)

21 (44)

15 (65)

0.09

  Buprenorphine

66 (93)

45 (94)

21 (91)

0.71

  Naltrexone

11 (15)

11 (23)

0 (0)

0.01

  No MOUD

6 (8)

4 (8)

2 (9)

0.96

 Current MOUD

59 (83)

41 (85)

18 (78)

0.45

 Prescription history

  Opioid

13 (18)

8 (17)

5 (22)

0.61

  Stimulant

35 (49)

24 (20)

11 (48)

0.86

  Benzodiazepine

24 (34)

16 (33)

8 (35)

0.90

  Medical marijuana

3 (4)

1 (2)

2 (9)

0.2

 History of naloxone prescription

60 (85)

42 (88)

18 (78)

0.31

 History of PrEP treatment

20 (28)

16 (33)

4 (17)

0.16

 Addiction specialty services

  Addiction consult team

49 (69)

36 (75)

13 (57)

0.11

  Bridge clinic

57 (80)

41 (85)

16 (70)

0.11

  West end clinic

23 (32)

14 (29)

9 (39)

0.40

  Addiction psychiatry

43 (61)

31 (65)

12 (52)

0.32

  Buprenorphine-prescribing PCP

18 (25)

11 (23)

7 (30)

0.50

  OBAT RN

20 (28)

15 (31)

5 (22)

0.4

  Recovery coach/peer support

56 (79)

40 (83)

16 (70)

0.18

  Other

2 (3)

1 (2)

1 (4)

0.59

Drug use behaviors

 Drug use

  Fentanyl

59 (84)

44 (94)

15 (65)

< 0.01

  Cannabis

64 (90)

45 (94)

19 (83)

0.14

  Alcohol

64 (90)

46 (96)

18 (78)

0.02

  Tobacco

66 (93)

45 (94)

21 (91)

0.71

  Injection drug use

65 (92)

48 (100)

17 (74)

< 0.01

 Route of methamphetamine use

  Injection

48 (68)

–

–

–

  Smoking

22 (31)

15 (31)

7 (30)

0.95

  Snorting

18 (25)

13 (27)

5 (22)

0.63

  Other

2 (3)

1 (2)

1 (4)

0.59

 High risk behaviors

  None

39 (55)

21 (44)

18 (78)

< 0.01

  Sex work

9 (13)

9 (19)

0 (0)

0.03

  Needle sharing

28 (39)

26 (54)

2 (9)

< 0.01

  Other

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

–