Using intervention mapping for hookah smoking cessation: a quasi-experimental evaluation

Table 3 Determinants of HTS at the particular occasions during the study in control and the intervention groups

Variables	Groups	Before intervention (Mean ± SD)	After intervention (Mean ± SD)	Three months after intervention (Mean ± SD)	Six months after the intervention (Mean ± SD)	P-value*
Knowledge	Intervention	4.67 ± 2.70	8.99 ± 1.08	9.06 ± 1.04	9.30 ± 0.93	< 0.001
	Control	5.00 ± 2.59	6.73 ± 1.70	7.37 ± 1.50	7.81 ± 1.42	< 0.001
	P-value	0.336	0.001	0.001	0.001
Attitude	Intervention	46.35 ± 10.06	61.19 ± 6.13	60.00 ± 7.09	61.85 ± 11.35	< 0.001
	Control	45.29 ± 9.89	46.70 ± 10.98	48.98 ± 9.60	48.04 ± 11.44	0.003
	P-value**	0.438	0.001	0.001	0.001
Social Norms	Intervention	62.49 ± 9.97	73.95 ± 16.29	71.63 ± 15.10	73.92 ± 18.11	< 0.001
	Control	60.83 ± 18.81	58.47 ± 18.06	60.97 ± 17.48	59.31 ± 19.86	0.254
	P-value**	0.505	0.001	0.001	0.001
Self-efficacy	Intervention	38.16 ± 19.21	63.15 ± 11.63	62.82 ± 11.32	64.03 ± 13.27	< 0.001
	Control	41.24 ± 18.44	42.77 ± 16.73	42.21 ± 15.33	41.45 ± 12.05	0.173
	P-value**	0.236	0.001	0.001	0.001
Habit	Intervention	25.24 ± 6.88	24.63 ± 6.43	17.19 ± 7.54	15.88 ± 9.16	< 0.001
	Control	24.63 ± 5.94 ±	27.70 ± 5.28	28.77 ± 5.34	31.99 ± 6.23	< 0.001
	P-value**	0.482	0.001	0.001	0.001
Intention	Intervention	10.79 ± 4.77	15.62 ± 2.66	15.82 ± 2.42	16.27 ± 3.34	< 0.001
	Control	11.23 ± 4.47	12.32 ± 4.33	11.00 ± 4.62	12.45 ± 4.82	0.380
	P-value**	0.486	0.001	0.001	0.001
Behavior***	Intervention	21.33 ± 15.41	2.84 ± 6.24	4.13 ± 7.11	3.82 ± 6.43	< 0.001
	Control	22.54 ± 18.99	17.47 ± 14.73	19.40 ± 16.62	20.23 ± 16.37	0.367
	P-value**	0.565	0.001	0.001	0.001

^*p-value is calculated in repeated measures analysis mode for each group (intervention, control)
^**p-value is calculated in cross-sectional independent analysis mode between intervention and control group
^***Frequency of HTS per week, as the secondary outcome of the intervention

ISSN: 1940-0640