Table 3 Changes in agreement with attitudes regarding birthing people with opioid use disorder and control statements

opbel_2

An opioid use disorder is a chronic medical condition like diabetes mellitus

ns

opbel_3

People with opioid use disorders can get well and return to productive lives

ns

opbel_4

People with opioid use disorders can safely care for a newborn

0.013

opbel_5

People taking medication for opioid use disorders can safely care for a newborn

ns

opbel_11

Birthing people with opioid use disorders have the right to parent their children

0.038

opbel_1

Individuals with opioid use disorder only have themselves to blame for their problem

ns

opbel_6

State laws require health professionals to report every birthing person who has used opioids during their pregnancy to child welfare

 < 0.001

opbel_7

Pregnant people’s use of opioids is associated with increased risk of child abuse/neglect

 < 0.001

opbel_8

Reporting to child welfare prevents babies born to people with opioid use disorder from being harmed

0.003

opbel_9

Newborns born to a birthing person with an opioid use disorder are better off in foster care than remaining with the birthing person

ns

opbel_10

A birthing person who is receiving methadone or buprenorphine for opioid use disorder should have their newborn removed from their care

ns

cwbel_1

Healthcare workers are more likely to report Black and Indigenous newborns than white newborns to child welfare related to a birthing person’s drug use

ns

cwbel_4

Fear of being reported to child welfare keeps pregnant and postpartum people who use drugs from using healthcare services

ns

cwbel_2

If a health professional does not report a birthing person who uses drugs to child welfare, the health professional risks getting in trouble

0.006

cwbel_3

Reporting to child welfare connects birthing people who use drugs to important services

 < 0.001

cwbel_5

The child welfare system protects children from harm

0.001

cwbel_6

I would rather err on the side of overreporting to child welfare than underreporting to child welfare^a.

0.001

cwbel_7

I bear the brunt of legal responsibility if something bad happens to a baby after a birthing person who uses drugs and their baby leave the hospital

ns

cwbel_8

Where I work, there is a lot of disagreement about child welfare reporting related to birthing people who use drugs

ns

cwbel_9

I bear the emotional burden if something bad happens to a baby after a birthing person who uses drugs and their baby leave the hospital

ns

utoxbel_1

Drug testing without consent violates patient autonomy

ns

utoxbel_2

Birthing people who refuse a drug test should be reported to child welfare

ns

utoxbel_3

Universal urine drug testing of newborns reduces racial bias in child welfare reporting

0.014

utoxbel_4

Results from a urine drug test during the labor and delivery hospitalization indicate whether a birthing person can safely care for a newborn

ns

utoxbel_5

Drug testing a newborn without parental consent is ethical

ns

genbel_4

Racial differences in birth outcomes are due to systemic racism

ns

genbel_2

I personally know several people who have been diagnosed with a substance use disorder

ns

genbel_1

I feel people with diabetes are at fault for their disease

ns

genbel_3

Racial differences in birth outcomes are due to differences in individual behaviors of pregnant people

ns

genbel_5

The main reason more Black and Indigenous children are reported to child welfare is because those families need more help

ns

genbel_6

In my experience, there are some groups of people who just don’t have the skills to parent successfully

ns

genbel_7

In my experience, there are some groups of people who just don’t have the resources to parent successfully

0.006

genbel_8

I feel more comfortable caring for patients with the same racial/ethnic identity as me

ns