Table 1 Description of studies in the Rural Opioid Initiative, 2018–2020

Ending Transmission of HIV, HCV, and STDs and Overdose in Rural Communities of People Who Inject Drugs (ETHIC)

173

16 Delta Regional Authority Counties in Southern Illinois

PWID and/or people who use opioids to get high

Injection of any drug to get high or non-injection use of opioids to get high in the past 30 days; ≥ 15 years of age; resident of study area

Kentucky Communities and Researchers Engaging to Halt the Opioid Epidemic (CARE2HOPE)

338

12 Appalachian Counties in Eastern Kentucky (with survey data collection from people who used drugs focused on 5 of the 12 counties)

PWID and/or people who use opioids to get high

Injection of any drug to get high or non-injection use of opioids to get high in the past 30 days; ≥ 18 years of age; resident of study area

Mitigating the Outcomes Associated with the Injection Drug Use Epidemic in Southern Appalachia (SA-TLC)

350

8 Appalachian Counties in Western North Carolina

PWID and/or people who use opioids to get high

Injection of any drug to get high or non-injection use of opioids to get high in the past 30 days; ≥ 18 years of age; resident of study area and intent to stay in study area for at least 12 months

Drug Injection Surveillance and Care Enhancement for Rural Northern New England (DISCERNNE)

589

11 Counties along the I-91/CT River Corridor in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont

PWID and/or people who use opioids to get high

Injection of any drug to get high or non-injection use of opioids to get high in the past 30 days; ≥ 18 years of age; resident of study area

Implementing a Community-Based Response to the Opioid Epidemic in Rural Ohio

258

3 Appalachian Counties in Southeastern Ohio

PWID and/or people who use opioids to get high

Injection of any drug to get high or non-injection use of opioids to get high in the past 30 days; ≥ 18 years of age; resident of study area

Oregon HIV/Hepatitis and Opioid Prevention and Engagement (OR-HOPE) Study

174

2 Southwestern Counties in Oregon

PWID and/or people who use opioids to get high

Injection of any drug to get high or non-injection use of opioids to get high in the past 30 days; ≥ 18 years of age; resident of study area

Community-Based, Client-Centered Prevention Homes to Address the Rural Opioid Epidemic

991

Northern Wisconsin counties (6 rural catchment areas)

PWID

Injection of any drug to get high in the past 30 days; ≥ 15 years of age; resident of study area

Rural West Virginia Responds to Opioid Injection Epidemics: From Data to Action

175

7 Coalfield Counties in Southern West Virginia

PWID and/or people who use opioids to get high

Injection of any drug to get high or non-injection use of opioids to get high in the past 30 days; ≥ 18 years age; resident of study area