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Table 4 Substance use-related harms, engagement in harm reduction, and stigma among participants in the Rural Opioid Initiative by study site

From: The Rural Opioid Initiative Consortium description: providing evidence to Understand the Fourth Wave of the Opioid Crisis

 

Total

Sites

IL

KY

NC

NE

OH

OR

WI

WV

N

3048

173

338

350

589

258

174

991

175

Injection practicesa,b

n = 2587

n = 127

n = 245

n = 299

n = 431

n = 206

n = 153

n = 989

n = 137

Most common source of new syringesc,d

SSP

942 (36%)

12 (10%)

93 (38%)

86 (29%)

99 (23%)

95 (46%)

38 (25%)

504 (51%)

15 (11%)

Pharmacy

454 (18%)

59 (46%)

8 (3%)

116 (39%)

113 (26%)

14 (7%)

73 (48%)

56 (6%)

15 (11%)

Friend or acquaintance

397 (15%)

27 (21%)

62 (25%)

36 (12%)

76 (18%)

28 (14%)

19 (12%)

110 (11%)

39 (28%)

Distance to nearest SSPe

 < 30-min drive

1928 (75%)

56 (44%)

218 (89%)

173 (58%)

274 (64%)

168 (82%)

130 (85%)

848 (86%)

61 (45%)

 ≥ 30-min drive

377 (15%)

9 (7%)

26 (11%)

83 (28%)

77 (18%)

27 (13%)

22 (14%)

103 (10%)

30 (22%)

Do not know where nearest SSP is located

273 (11%)

62 (49%)

1 (< 1%)

43 (14%)

79 (18%)

11 (5%)

1 (1%)

30 (3%)

46 (34%)

Used a syringe/needle used by somebody elsec

958 (37%)

39 (31%)

76 (31%)

125 (42%)

201 (47%)

113 (55%)

48 (31%)

289 (29%)

67 (49%)

Used a cotton, cooker, spoon, or water that was used by somebody elsec

1097 (42%)

60 (47%)

73 (30%)

159 (53%)

236 (55%)

119 (58%)

62 (41%)

318 (32%)

70 (51%)

Overdose

Ever personally overdosed

1489 (49%)

88 (51%)

174 (51%)

178 (51%)

299 (51%)

152 (59%)

69 (40%)

439 (44%)

90 (51%)

Lifetime number of overdoses, median (IQR)f

3 (2–5)

2 (1–5)

2 (1–4)

3 (2–5)

2 (2–5)

3 (2–5)

3 (1–4)

3 (2–5)

3 (1–4)

Ever gotten an overdose reversal kit or prescription for naloxone or Narcan

1629 (53%)

52 (30%)

69 (20%)

221 (63%)

395 (67%)

185 (72%)

78 (45%)

551 (56%)

78 (45%)

Substance Use Treatmentg

n = 2945

n = 166

n = 338

n = 340

n = 589

n = 256

n = 164

n = 917

n = 175

Ever received medication for OUD

1420 (48%)

59 (36%)

150 (44%)

107 (31%)

399 (68%)

162 (63%)

63 (38%)

367 (40%)

113 (65%)

Received medication for OUD in past 30 days

565 (19%)

12 (7%)

39 (12%)

26 (8%)

199 (34%)

42 (16%)

29 (18%)

150 (16%)

68 (39%)

Stigmah

Feel ashamed of using drugs

2316 (76%)

127 (73%)

270 (80%)

243 (69%)

499 (85%)

215 (83%)

104 (60%)

712 (72%)

146 (83%)

Feel people avoid you because your use drugs

2094 (69%)

112 (65%)

197 (58%)

232 (66%)

450 (76%)

191 (74%)

116 (67%)

657 (66%)

139 (79%)

Fear you will lose your friends because you use drugs

1733 (57%)

93 (54%)

141 (42%)

169 (48%)

405 (69%)

161 (62%)

75 (43%)

567 (57%)

122 (70%)

Fear your family will reject you because you use drugs

2131 (70%)

118 (68%)

205 (61%)

241 (69%)

452 (77%)

188 (73%)

108 (62%)

684 (69%)

135 (77%)

Think people are uncomfortable being around you because you use drugs

1948 (64%)

105 (61%)

19 (59%)

219 (63%)

418 (71%)

170 (66%)

100 (57%)

608 (61%)

130 (74%)

  1. IL Illinois, KY Kentucky, NC North Carolina, NE New England (MA, VT, NH), OH Ohio, OR Oregon, OUD opioid use disorder, SSP syringe service program, WI Wisconsin, WV West Virginia
  2. aAmong participants who injected drugs in the past 30 days
  3. bInjection drug use in past 30 days was an eligibility criterion at several sites, and a requirement for enrollment in WI
  4. cReference period: past 30 days
  5. dDoes not add up to 100% as only most common sources listed
  6. eSeveral studies (IL, NE, OH, OR, and WI) at least partially recruited out of SSPs
  7. fAmong participants who reported ever overdosing
  8. gAmong participants who reported ever using opioids to get high (heroin, street fentanyl/carfentanil, opiate painkillers, buprenorphine, and/or methadone)
  9. h“Somewhat” or “Very much” vs. “Not at all” and “Just a little”
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Addiction Science & Clinical Practice

ISSN: 1940-0640